The Graves Are Not Yet Full: Race, Tribe and Power in the Heart of Africa

Berkeley argues that Africa's ethnic violence is not primordial but manufactured — by colonialism, by Cold War proxy politics, by leaders who weaponised identity to avoid accountability. Through Liberia, Sierra Leone, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, he tracks the same pattern: elites who created killers to do their political work and a West that found the resulting chaos more convenient than its causes. An uncomfortable reckoning.